Product Advantage
Flat washers are used to increase the bearing surface of a nut or fastener's head thus spreading the clamping force over a larger area. They can be useful when working with soft materials and oversized or irregular shaped holes.
Washer size refers to its nominal hole size and is based on screw size. Its outside diameter (OD) is always larger. Size and OD are usually specified in fractional inches, although decimal inches may be used instead. Thickness is typically listed in decimal inches although we often convert it to fractional inches for convenience.
Grade 2 flat washers should only be used with Grade 2 hex cap screws (hex bolts)—use hardened flat washers with Grade 5 and 8 cap screws. Because Grade 2 flat washers are made of soft, low carbon steel, they will "yield" (compress, cup, bend, etc.) under the higher torque values normally associated with Grade 5 and 8 cap screws. As a result, there will be a reduction in clamping force as the washer yields. Also, use only SAE pattern flat washers with Grade 5 and 8 cap screws because, as it is explained, the oversized hole in USS washers is too large to properly support the bearing surface of the cap screw's head and one washer size smaller will be too tight and may cause the head to fail.
Product Uses
Here are four specific application scenarios of packaging machinery:
1. Food and beverage packing: Packaging machines are used to package a variety of food products such as chips, candies, and cookies.
2. Pharmaceuticals: Packaging machines are used to package pharmaceutical products such as pills, tablets, and capsules.
3. Household goods: Packaging machines are used to package home products such as soaps, detergents, and cleaning supplies.
4. Industrial goods: Packaging machines are used to package industrial items such as machine parts, electrical components, and materials.
English 
