Flat washers are thin, disk-shaped components with a central hole, designed to distribute load and prevent surface damage in bolted connections. Typically made of metal or plastic, flat washers serve as spacers, reducing friction and promoting even stress distribution. They are crucial in preventing nuts and bolts from loosening due to vibrations or thermal expansion. Available in various sizes and materials, flat washers are versatile in applications ranging from construction to automotive engineering. Their fundamental function lies in enhancing the stability and longevity of mechanical assemblies by mitigating the concentrated pressure points generated during the tightening of fasteners